El papel de la impulsividad en la orientación al suicidio de universitarios con antecedentes de conducta autolesiva / The role of impulsivity in suicidal orientation of university students with a history of self-injurious behavior

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el efecto de la depresión, la desesperanza y la impulsividad sobre la orientación al suicidio y el papel de la impulsividad como mediador de la orientación suicida en universitarios con antecedentes de conductas autolesivas. Participaron 1.645 jóvenes entre los 18 y 29 años, de dos ciudades colombianas. Se seleccionaron 218 jóvenes (M= 21,00; DT= 2,99) que informaron de al menos un intento de suicidio en el último año, quienes contestaron el “Inventario de orientación suicida”, la “Escala de desesperanza de Beck”, el “Inventario de depresión de Beck” y la “Escala de impulsividad de Barratt”. La depresión, la desesperanza y la impulsividad explicaron el 63% de la variación de la orientación al suicidio (R2= 0,635; IC 95% [0,555; 0,713]; p= 0,001). La impulsividad medió con depresión en aquellos casos en los que la orientación suicida era alta, cuyos efectos totales, directos e indirectos, fueron estadísticamente significativos (p< 0,001). La impulsividad desempeña un papel mediador entre la depresión y la desesperanza en la predicción de la orientación suicida.(AU)

The aim of this research was to describe the effect of depression,hopelessness, and impulsivity on orientation to suicide and the role of impulsivityas a mediator of suicidal orientation in university students with a history of self-injury behaviors. 1645 young people between 18 and 29 years old participated,from two Colombian cities. 218 young people were selected (M= 21.00; SD= 2.99)who reported at least one suicide attempt in the last year, who answered the“Suicidal Orientation Inventory”, the “Beck Hopelessness Scale”, the “BeckDepression Inventory” and the “Barratt Impulsivity Scale”. Depression,hopelessness, and impulsivity explained 63% of the variation in suicidal orientation (R 2 = .635, IC 95% [.555, .713], p= .001). Impulsivity mediated with depression inthose cases in which suicidal orientation was high, whose total, direct and indirecteffects were statistically significant (p< .001). Impulsivity plays a mediating rolebetween depression and hopelessness in predicting suicidal orientation.K EY WORDS : depression, hopelessness, impulsivity, suicidality, college youth.(AU)

Predictive Model of Suicide Risk in Young People: The Mediating Role of Alcohol Consumption.

Suicidal behavior is one of the public health problems that cause most deaths in young people and has been associated with emotional and affective problems, so predictive models are required to account for the relationship between depression, anxiety, hopelessness, and alcohol consumption to propose actions for its prevention. The Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the CAGE Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale, the Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Scale were applied. A total of 1.379 young people (M = 20.45; SD = 3.23) from the cities of Manizales (n = 739; 53.6%) and Medellín (n = 640; 46.5%) in Colombia were evaluated. The variables of anxiety, hopelessness and depression explained 51% (R2 = 0.509; 95% CI = 0.467-0.552; p = 0.001) of the variation in suicidal risk. Likewise, alcohol consumption is a mediating variable between depression and anxiety in the prediction of suicidal risk, whose total, direct and indirect effects are statistically significant. The findings support the role of alcohol consumption as a mediating variable between anxiety, depression, hopelessness and suicidal risk in young people, given the difficulties it causes in information processing, regulation of emotions and therefore in having an adequate coping with the demands of the environment. This justifies the importance of directing suicide prevention actions through strategies for the reduction of alcohol consumption and the management of emotions in young people. HIGHLIGHTSAlcohol modulates the effect of depression and anxiety on suicide riskThis is a study on the risk of suicide in young people in ColombiaThe findings have implications for timely clinical interventions.

Prevalence of Dating Violence in Adolescents of Five Colombian Cities / Prevalencia de la Violencia en el Noviazgo en Adolescentes de Cinco Ciudades Colombianas

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and frequency of perpetration and victimization of different types of dating violence (DV), among adolescents from 13 to 19 years old in five capital cities of Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja, and Yopal), making comparisons by sex. The Spanish version of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory was used and various statistical analyses, including the one-way MANOVA, were performed. The results show a high prevalence of DV, particularly verbal/emotional and bi-directional (almost 90 % of the participants), pointing out that sex could have a statistically significant effect on the prevalence of the different types of DV, being higher the proportion of men who perpetrated sexual violence and higher the proportion of women who perpetrated verbal/emotional and physical violence. These results indicate the need to continue investigating the phenomenon in Colombia, to carry out different prevention campaigns that are sensitive to differences by sex in prevalence.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la perpetración y la victimización de diferentes tipos de violencia en el noviazgo (VN), entre adolescentes de 13 a 19 anos de cinco ciudades capitales de Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja y Yopal), efec-tuándose comparaciones por sexo. Se utilizò la versión en espanol del Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, implementándose varios análisis estadísticos, incluyendo el MANOVA unidireccional. Los resultados evidencian una alta prevalencia de VN, particularmente verbal/ emocional y bi-direccional (casi el 90 % de los participantes), senalando que el sexo podría tener un efecto estadísticamente significativo en las prevalencias de los diferentes tipos de VN, siendo mayor la proporciòn de hombres que ejercieron violencia sexual y mayor el de mujeres que ejercieron violencia verbal/emocional y física. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de seguir investigando el fenòmeno en Colombia, para así adelantar diferentes campanas de prevenciòn que sean sensibles a las diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias.

The mediating role of emotions in offline and online political participation: A post-social outbreak study in Ecuador and Chile.

Introduction: In 2019, there was a period of social outbreaks in several Latin American countries, which share a background of social inequality, distrust in authorities, a crisis of representativeness, and discontent towards social and economic policies. In October 2019, in Ecuador and Chile, participation in these protests was characterized by street protests and broad political participation in social networks and alternative media, which were followed or interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These facts have been deeply researched, addressing causal and structural factors of the phenomenon, the alternatives of political participation, and the role of emotions as determinants of action in these contexts. The objective of this study is to explore offline and online political participation (Facebook) after the social outbreak of 2019 in both countries, based on political interest, and how emotions intervene, especially negative ones, in a context of high demobilization. Methods: A descriptive, correlational ex post facto and cross-sectional methodology was used, with the participation of 367 people, 210 from Ecuador (57.2%) and 157 from Chile (42.8%), aged between 17 and 48 years (M = 22.13, SD = 3.73). The measurement was carried out from 2020 to 2021. Results: A mediation analysis showed that people who are more interested in politics are more likely to experience anger and anxiety with the political and economic situation, which motivates conventional political participation (Model 1). In Model 2 people who showed greater concern about the political and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and together with anger, favor online political participation, especially local support. Discussion: These results suggest the influence of emotions on political participation, which occurs when there is an increase in social discontent due to government policies adopted during the pandemic and which represents a continuity of the discontent that was expressed in the October 2019 social outbreak.

Social Sharing of Emotions and Communal Appraisal as Mediators Between the Intensity of Trauma and Social Well-Being in People Affected by the 27F, 2010 Earthquake in the Biobío Region, Chile.

The psychosocial impacts of natural disasters are associated with the triggering of negative and positive responses in the affected population; also, such effects are expressed in an individual and collective sphere. This can be seen in several reactions and behaviors that can vary from the development of individual disorders to impacts on interpersonal relationships, cohesion, communication, and participation of the affected communities, among others. The present work addressed the psychosocial impacts of the consequences of natural disasters considering individual effects via the impact of trauma and community effects, through the perception of social well-being, the valuation of the community and the social exchange of emotions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between individual reactions (i.e., intensity of trauma) and the evaluation of social and collective circumstances (i.e., social well-being) after the earthquake of 27F 2010 in Chile, through collective-type intervention variables not used in previous studies (i.e., social sharing of emotions and community appraisal). For this purpose, a descriptive, ex post facto correlational and cross-sectional methodology was carried on, with the participation of 487 people affected by the 2010 earthquake, 331 women (68%) and 156 men (32%), between 18 and 58 years old (M = 21.09; SD = 5.45), from the provinces of Ñuble and Biobío, VIII region, Chile. The measurement was carried out 4 years after the earthquake and the results show that greater individual than collective involvements were found, mainly in the coastal zone of the region. The mediation analysis showed that the relationship between the intensity of the trauma and social well-being occurs through a route that considers social sharing of emotions and community appraisal. These results indicate that the overcoming of individual affectations to achieve social well-being occurs when in the immediate post-disaster phases the affected communities activate shared emotional and cognitive processes, which allow them to jointly face subsequent threats and abrupt changes.

El papel de las competencias emocionales parentales en las conductas internalizantes y el autoconcepto de los niños / The role of emotional parental competencies in children's internalizing behaviors and self-concept

Resumen Introducción: Las competencias emocionales de los padres se constituyen en un factor protector para el fortalecimiento del autoconcepto en los niños; sin embargo, cuando no se expresan adecuadamente pueden generar en los hijos problemas internalizantes. La evidencia empírica en Colombia sobre la relación entre dichas variables no ha sido suficiente por lo cual es fundamental continuar su estudio. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre competencias emocionales de los padres, el nivel de autoconcepto y las conductas internalizantes en niños de 8 a 12 años. Método: En esta investigación correlacional se aplicó el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Estilos Educativos de Padres (CEEP), la Lista de Chequeo de la Conducta Infantil (CBCL) formato para padres; y la Escala de autoconcepto de Piers-Harris a los niños. Los participantes fueron 364, conformados por 182 diadas (padres e hijos de 8 a 12 años) de colegios públicos y privados de Bogotá, seleccionados bajo un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Resultados: Se encontró una relación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre la impulsividad en padres y los síntomas ansioso/depresivo (Rho= 0,213; p= 0,04) y aislado/depresivo (Rho= 0,210; p= 0,004) en los niños. Se hallaron relaciones inversas entre el manejo emocional y el componente intelectual del autoconcepto (Rho= -0,148; p= 0,046), entre los síntomas ansioso/depresivo y los componentes conductual (Rho= -0,240; p= 0,001), físico (Rho= -0,182; p= 0,014) y falta de ansiedad del autoconcepto (Rho= -0,213; p= 0,004). Conclusiones: Las relaciones encontradas entre impulsividad y síntomas internalizantes en los niños, evidencian que los enfados excesivos e injustificados de los padres, pueden asociarse con preocupación excesiva y aislamiento social en los hijos. Estos hallazgos permiten sugerir para futuros estudios, evaluar el efecto de programas para prevenir problemas de ansiedad y depresión en los niños a través del entrenamiento en regulación emocional a los padres.

Abstract Introduction: The emotional competences of the parents are a protective factor for strengthening the self-concept in children; However, when they aren't expressed properly, they can generate internalizing problems in the children. The empirical evidence in Colombia on the relationship between these variables hasn't been sufficient, so it is essential to continue its study. Objective: To identify the relationship between parents' emotional competences, the level of self-concept and internalizing behaviors such as anxiety, depression and somatic complaints in children. Method: In this correlational research, the Parent Educational Style Assessment Questionnaire (CEEP), the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL)parent format and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale were applied to children. The participants were 364 made up of 182 dyads (parents and children from 8 to 12 years old) from public and private schools in Bogotá, selected under a non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. Results: A statistically significant positive relationship was found between impulsiveness in parents and anxious/depressive symptoms (Rho = 0,213; p= 0,04) and isolated/depressive (Rho= 0,210; p= 0,004) in children. Inverse relationships were found between emotional management and the intellectual component of self-concept (Rho=-0,148; p= 0,046), between anxious/depressive symptoms and behavioral components (Rho = -0,240; p= 0,001), physical (Rho = -0,182; p= 0,014) and lack of self-concept anxiety (Rho=-0,213; p= 0,004). Conclusions: The relationships found between impulsivity and internalizing symptoms in children show that excessive and unjustified anger of parents can be associated with excessive concern and social isolation in children. These findings allow us to suggest for future studies, to evaluate the effect of programs to prevent anxiety and depression problems in children through training in emotional regulation for parents.

Role of parenting styles in internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in children / Papel de los estilos parentales sobre los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en niños

Abstract Introduction Different studies have reported the relationship of parenting styles with adjustment problems in children. However, it has not been specified which aspects of parenting styles play a central role in the manifestation of such psychological problems. Objective To increase the knowledge about the role of which parental educational styles are associated with internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in Colombian children. Method Through structural equations, the fit of the proposed model was verified. Participants were 422 parents and children aged between 8 and 12 years, enrolled in public schools in Bogota, Colombia. The Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Parent Format and Self-assessment Multifactorial Adjustment test were applied. Results Family dynamics and parental practices have effects on internalizing, externalizing, and general maladjustment problems. Parental roles and practices show indirect effects on general maladjustment through externalizing problems. Discussion and conclusion The models tested show that conflicts at home, parental overload, impulsivity, permissive, ambiguous/non-consistent styles, and dysfunctional reaction to disobedience play a role in the manifestation of internalizing, externalizing, and adjustment problems in children.

Resumen Introducción Diferentes estudios han reportado la relación de los estilos de crianza con problemas de adaptación en niños. Sin embargo, no se ha especificado qué aspectos de los estilos de crianza desempeñan un papel central en la manifestación de tales problemas psicológicos. Objetivo Incrementar el conocimiento acerca del papel de qué estilos educativos parentales se asocian con los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en niños colombianos. Método Por medio de ecuaciones estructurales se probó el ajuste al modelo. Los participantes fueron 422 padres con hijos de entre 8 y 12 años, matriculados en colegios públicos en Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Estilos Educativos de los Padres, la Lista de Chequeo del Comportamiento Infantil, el Formato para padres y el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de adaptación. Resultados Las dinámicas familiares y las prácticas parentales tienen efectos sobre los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación general. Los roles y las prácticas parentales muestran efectos indirectos sobre la desadaptación general a través de problemas externalizantes. Discusión y conclusión Los modelos probados muestran que los conflictos en el hogar, la sobrecarga de los padres, la impulsividad, los estilos permisivos, ambiguos/no consistentes y la reacción disfuncional a la desobediencia desempeñan un papel en la manifestación de los problemas internalizantes, externalizantes y de adaptación en los niños.

Relación entre dinámicas familiares, conductas externalizantes y autoestima en niños escolarizados / Relation between family dynamics, externalizing behaviors and self-esteem in school children

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la relación entre las dinámicas familiares, las conductas externalizantes y la autoestima en 158 diadas de padres cuyos hijos tienen entre 8 y 12 años de edad, pertenecientes a dos colegios, uno público y uno privado, de la ciudad de Bogotá. El tipo de estudio es de carácter descriptivo-correlacional, cuantitativo y de diseño transversal. Se utilizó como medición el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Estilos Educativos de Padres (CEEP), la Lista de Chequeo de la Conducta Infantil (CBCL), formato de padres y la Escala de Autoconcepto de Piers-Harris. Se encontró que en el grupo de participantes del colegio público se presenta una correlación negativa entre el ocio compartido y la conducta externalizante, así como entre la conducta externalizante y la autoestima. Finalmente, se encontró que tanto en los participantes del colegio público como privado se presenta una correlación positiva entre los conflictos familiares y la conducta externalizante.

Abstract The objective of this study is to identify the relation between family dynamics, externalizing behaviors and self-esteem in 158 dyads of parents whose children are between 8 and 12 years old, and who belong to a public and other private school in the Bogota city. In order to get this objective, the type of study is descriptive-correlational, quantitative and design cross-sectional. The Parent Educational Styles Assessment Questionnaire (CEEP), the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), the parent format, and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale were used as a measure. It found that in the group of participants of the public school there is a negative correlation between shared leisure and externalizing behavior. and between externalizing behavior and self-esteem. Finally, it found that both in public and private school participants, there is a positive correlation between familiar conflicts and externalizing behavior.

Modelo de violencia en relaciones de pareja en adolescentes colombianos / Model of violence in the relationships of Colombian adolescent couples

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar un modelo sobre la asociación de los problemas de adaptación con la agresión y la victimización de la violencia en las relaciones de parejas adolescentes colombianas. Se tomó una muestra de 599 adolescentes con edades entre 13 y 19 años, escolarizados en instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicaron el cuestionario del Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes, versión autoinforme, y el inventario de conflicto en las relaciones en el noviazgo adolescente. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales. Se presentan dos modelos determinados diferencialmente por la variable sexo: en los hombres los problemas de adaptación se relacionan con la agresión y en las mujeres se asocian con la victimización, hallazgos que ofrecen lineamientos para la prevención e intervención de la violencia de pareja en adolescentes.

Abstract The present study aimed to develop a model of the association of adjustment problems with aggression and victimization of violence in Colombian adolescent cou ple relationships. A sample was taken of 599 adolescents with ages between 13 and 19 years, schooled in public and private educational institutions of Bogota, Colombia. The Children and Adolescents Behavior Assessment System Questionnaire -version of Self-Re port and the Conflict Inventory in Relationships in Adolescent Dating was applied. For the analysis of the data, a model of structural equations was used. Two models determined differentially by the sex variable are presented; In men, adjustment problems are relat ed to aggression and in women they are associated with victimization, findings that of fer guidelines for the prevention and intervention of partner violence in adolescents.

Análisis bibliométrico de los problemas de comportamiento externalizado en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Bogotá (2003-2013) / Bibliometric analysis of externalizing behavior problems in childrenand adolescents of Bogota city (2003-2013)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de investigación de pregrado y posgrado que sobre los problemas de comportamiento externalizado en niños y adolescentes se llevaron a cabo en universidades y fundaciones universitarias de Bogotá (Colombia) entre los años 2003 y 2013. Para ello se diseñó y validó por parte de cinco jueces expertos una ficha de análisis, que incluyó las siguientes variables: título, año, autores, directores, universidad, nivel de formación, palabras clave, tipo de problemática, diseño de investigación, edad y población. En total se analizaron veintiún trabajos de grado correspondientes a ocho instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Bogotá, entre las cuales se pudo identificar que con relación al nivel de formación se evidenció que pregrado y maestría fueron las que más abordaron este tema. Entre los años 2010-2013 se realizó un mayor número de investigaciones sobre esta problemática y finalmente se encontró que la población que más se caracterizó en los trabajos de grado fueron los adolescentes

The objective of this research was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the undergraduate and graduate research projects about problems of externalizing behavior in children and adolescents. This information was gathered in universities and colleges from Bogota (Colombia) from 2003 to 2013. Five expert judges validated an analysis index card that we designed which included the following variables: title, year, authors, directors, university, level of training, keywords, type of problem, type of research, age, and population. Altogether, twenty-one papers were analyzed corresponding to eight institutions in Bogota, where it was evidenced that in regard the level of training; undergraduate and master levels were those who mostly discussed this topic. Along 2010 and 2013, a large number of investigations on this issue were made and finally it was found that the population that was mentioned the most in the research projects was the adolescents

Brucellosis outbreak in a rural endemic region of Mexico - a comprehensive investigation.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Generally, humans can be infected by either the consumption of raw milk and fresh cheeses made from unpasteurised milk or by contact with infected animals, mainly in endemic regions. In this study, we investigated a brucellosis outbreak in State of Guanajuato, an endemic region of Mexico. Microbiological culture of human blood, raw milk from cows and goats, and fresh cheeses was performed to isolate Brucella. Identification of the bacteria was done by bacteriological procedures and by multiplex Bruce-ladder polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brucella melitensis was isolated from patients, infected goats, and fresh goat cheeses; while Brucella abortus was isolated from cows. All patients had eaten fresh cheese, but no occupational exposure to animals was reported. The results of molecular typing did not show any Brucella vaccine strains. The isolation, identification, and molecular characterisation of Brucella spp. in both human brucellosis cases and infected animals are very important to identify the source of infection and to take control measures in endemic regions.

Percepción de la experiencia de violencia doméstica en mujeres víctimas de maltrato de pareja / Perception of the Experience of Domestic Violence in Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las percepciones que sobre la violencia doméstica tiene un grupo de mujeres víctimas de la misma. Para tal fin, se llevó a cabo una investigación de tipo cualitativo bajo la técnica de grupos focales. Las participantes de la investigación fueron nueve mujeres víctimas de la violencia doméstica, con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y 60 años, atendidas en una ONG de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se encontró que las mujeres tienen una percepción negativa de sí mismas, aprendida desde sus familias de origen, pues minimizan muchas de sus capacidades y evalúan sus habilidades como inferiores a las de los hombres.

This study aimed to understand the perceptions that domestic violence has a group of women victims of it. To this end we conducted a qualitative study on the technique of focus groups. The research participants were 9 women victims of domestic violence between the ages of 25 and 60 years served in an ONG of Bogotá city. It was found in women with a negative perception of themselves while minimizing many of the skills they possess, and evaluating their skills as inferior to men, which have learned from their families of origin.

All-trans-retinoic acid counteract the tumor-stimulating effect of hepatectomy and increases survival of rats bearing liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated a stimulating effect of hepatectomy on residual tumor cells after resection of liver metastases. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the protumor effect of hepatectomy and survival of hepatectomized rats bearing liver metastases. We also explored whether ATRA interfered with the tumor promoting effect of hepatotropic growth factors (GFs). METHODS: The in vitro effect of ATRA on proliferation of S4MH rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells was assessed when cultured with laparotomized or hepatectomized rat serum (HRS), or in the presence of GFs (hepatocyte growth factor, insulin growth factor 2, Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)-BB, and vascular endothelial growth factor). For the in vivo studies, rats were partially hepatectomized on day 10 after metastasis induction, one group being treated with ATRA from day 7 to 14, and a second receiving cyclophosphamide (CY; on days 10 and 14) alone or with ATRA. We determined the size and number of liver and lung metastases. Finally, we analyzed the effect of treatments on rat survival. RESULTS: Hepatotropic GFs increased cell proliferation in a similar manner to HRS. In vitro, ATRA blocked the protumor effect of both HRS and GFs. In vivo, ATRA reduced the size and number of liver and lung metastases, and significantly increased rat survival. Furthermore, adding ATRA to CY significantly increased survival compared with CY alone. CONCLUSIONS: In our model, ATRA minimizes the tumor-stimulating effect of hepatectomy, reducing the number and size of liver metastases and improving survival. The results suggest that the ATRA may be useful for blocking the growth-promoting effect of hepatotropic GFs released after liver metastasis resection.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial asociados al maltrato infantil / Psychosocial risk factors associated with child maltreatment

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales relacionados con el maltrato infantil en un grupo de niñas y adolescentes entre 5 y 17 años, que se encuentran actualmente en un semi-internado de una fundación en Cajicá, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con un método de asociación. La unidad de análisis fue compuesto por 50 historias clínicas de las niñas y adolescentes. La recolección de datos se realizó con un formato diseñado para tal fin, que fue revisado y validado por cuatro jueces expertos. En los resultados obtenidos se puede mencionar que los factores de riesgo psicosociales asociados al maltrato infantil eran familias monoparentales, madres adolescentes y la historia de maltrato en la infancia de los padres.

The present investigation had as an objective to identify the psychosocial risks factors related to the child maltreatment in a group of girls and adolescents between the 5 and 17 years, who are currently in a semi-boarding of a foundation in Cajicá, Colombia. It was realized descriptive study with a association method. The unit of analysis was composed for 50 clinical records from the girls and adolescents. The data collection was performed using a format designed for that purpose, which was previously reviewed and validated by four expert judges. In the results obtained it can be mentioned that psychosocial risk factors associated to the child maltreatment were monoparental families, adolescent mothers and childhood maltreatment history of the parents.

Permanencia y abandono terapéutico en un centro de servicios psicológicos / Permanence and abandonment in a psychological services center

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito describir las características de los motivos de permanencia y abandono terapéutico de los consultantes de la Unidad de Servicios Psicológicos de la Universidad Católica de Colombia entre los años 2007 y 2008. El tipo de investigación fue de tipo descriptivo. Los participantes fueron los consultantes que asistieron a la Unidad de Servicios Psicológicos de la Universidad Católica de Colombia entre los años 2007 y 2008. El muestreo fue de tipo censal puesto que se tomaron todos los usuarios y se analizó la información de los que finalmente respondieron los instrumentos así como las historias clínicas de los usuarios. Los resultados permitieron identificar que el principal motivo por el cual los usuarios abandonan el servicio está relacionado con dificultades económicas para su desplazamiento. Las variables analizadas para permanecer o abandonar el servicio con respecto a la institución, al proceso terapéutico, al consultante, al terapeuta y a la relación consultante - terapeuta, presentan un comportamiento similar.

The purpose of this current research was to describe the characteristics of the reasons of permanence and therapeutic abandonment of the consultants of the Psychological Services Unit of the Catolica University of Colombia between 2007 and 2008. The type of research was descriptive. The participants were the consultants who were attended in the Psychological Services Unit of the Catolica University of Colombia between 2007 and 2008. The sample was taken by census-type because it's taken all users and analyzed the information about the users that finally answered the instruments also the users' clinic histories of Unit. The results allowed to identify that the main reason why users abandon the service is related to economic hardship for their displacement. The variables analyzed to permanence or abandonment the service with respect to the institution, the therapeutic process, the consultant, therapist and relationship consultant -Therapist, show a similar behavior.

Características psicosociales de la población asistente a la unidad de servicios psicológicos de la Universidad Católica de Colombia durante los años 2007 y 2008 / Psychosocial characteristics of the population of assistant to the psychological services unit of the Catholic University of Colombia during the years 2007 and 2008

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito describir y asociar las características psicosociales de los usuarios atendidos en la Unidad de Servicios Psicológicos (USP) de la Universidad Católica de Colombia durante los años 2007 y 2008. Se hizo un estudio de corte empírico-analítico con un diseño de tipo descriptivo y con un método por asociación. La unidad de análisis estuvo conformada por 621 historias clínicas de la USP. Los resultados mostraron que aproximadamente la mitad de la población que asistió a la Unidad corresponde a edades entre 5 y 14 años, el estrato que más consultó fue el 3, las localidades con mayor demanda del servicio fueron Kennedy, Engativá y Suba, y se caracterizan por pertenecer principalmente a familias biparentales. En cuanto a los diagnósticos, se encontró que los problemas más frecuentes en la población atendida fueron trastornos de conducta, depresión, trastornos de personalidad, problemas paterno-filiales, ansiedad, y problemas de aprendizaje.

The purpose of the current research was to describe and associate the psychosocial characteristics of users attended at Psychological Services Unit (PSU) of the Catolica University of Colombia during the years 2007 and 2008. There was made a study of an empirical-analytic with a descriptive design and a method by association. The unit of analysis consisted of 621 patient's clinical histories of the PSU. The results showed that approximately the half of the users who attended at the Unit corresponded to ages between 5 and 14 years, the social level that more consulted was 3, the locality with major demand for the service were Kennedy, Engativa and Suba, and are characterized to belong mainly to two-parent families. Regarding to diagnoses, it found that the most common problems in the population were behavior, depression, personality disorders, parent-child problems, anxiety and learning problems.

Autoestima en un grupo de niños de 8 a 11 años de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá / Self-esteem in a group of children from 8 to 11 years of a public school of the city of Bogotá

La presente investigación tuvo como propósito determinar el nivel de autoestima en un grupo de niños de 8 a 11 años de edad del grado 4° de primaria de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá. Para ello se utilizó un diseño descriptivo simple de corte transversal y se aplicó el cuestionario de auto-concepto de Piers-Harris para niños. Los resultados muestran que en general el grupo tiene un nivel moderadamente alto, lo que probablemente indicaría que los niños están formando sus valores y componentes con relación a la autoestima de una forma adecuada, para que éstos sean duraderos dentro del desarrollo vital y ayuden a fortalecerla.

The goal of the study was to establish the different levels of self-esteem in a group of children from 8 to 11 years old, of fourth grade of a public school from Bogotá. For this reason we used a simple descriptive design with a cross-section and we will apply the Piers-Harris questionnaire of self-esteem for children. The results show that in general the group has a moderately high level, which probably indicate that children are forming their values and components relating to self-esteem in an appropriate way, for them to be durable in the vital development and help to strengthened it.

Caracterización de los programas de tratamiento cognitivo-conductual para el manejo de problemas de comportamiento en niños y adolescentes realizados en Bogotá entre 2002 y 2008 / Characterization of cognitive behavioral treatment programs for managing behavior problems in children and adolescents in Bogota between 2002 and 2008

El presente proyecto describe y analiza las características de los programas de tratamiento cognitivo-conductual de los problemas de comportamiento en niños y adolescentes realizados en Bogotá entre los años 2002 y 2008. Para tal fin se llevó a cabo una investigación de corte empírico-analítico, de tipo descriptivo con una metodología de carácter documental, la cual permitió identificar el estado actual de los diferentes programas objeto de este estudio en términos de los logros y avances, así como las limitaciones, dificultades y vacíos que presentan en el contexto local.

This project describes and analyzes the characteristics of the programs of cognitive-behavioral treatment of behavior problems in children and adolescents in Bogota during the years 2002 to 2008. Aiming at this objective, an investigation was conducted with an empirical-analytic, descriptive methodology with a documentary, which idenfitied the current status of the various programs subject of this study in terms of achievements and progress and the limitations, difculties and gaps that occur in the local context.

Análisis referencial de las representaciones sociales sobre la violencia doméstica / Referential analysis of social representations about domestic violence / Análise referencial das representações sociais sobre violência doméstica

El presente escrito se centra en el análisis referencial de un estudio que tuvo como objetivo develar las representaciones sociales que tiene un grupo de mujeres sobre la violencia doméstica. Para tal fin se realizaron ocho entrevistas en profundidad a igual número de mujeres usuarias de una Comisaría de Familia de la ciudad de Bogotá que han acudido por violencia conyugal. La investigación fue de corte cualitativo, basada en el análisis del discurso, específicamente en el análisis referencial de las historias de vida de las participantes. Los resultados encontrados indican que las representaciones sociales sobre la violencia doméstica se consolidan en dispositivos de control y de desempoderamiento presentes en la dinámica de violencia de las relaciones de pareja, éstas se gestan en los subgrupos de mujeres y son un factor que ayuda a la construcción y reproducción de las mismas.

This paper is focused on the referential analysis of a study aimed at revealing the social representations of a group of women on domestic violence. Eight women, who had sought help at a State Family Center (Comisaría de Familia) due to gender violence, were thoroughly interviewed. A qualitative research based on an analysis of these women's speeches especially in the referential analysis about their life stories was carried out. The results show that social representations on domestic violence are consolidated in control and disempowering mechanisms present in the couples' violence dynamics which arise in the women's subgroups and are a factor that helps to their own construction and reproduction.

Este artigo enfoca a análise referencial de um estudo cujo objetivo é conhecer as representações sociais de um grupo de mulheres sobre violência doméstica. Para este fim, realizaram-se entrevistas em profundidade a oito mulheres atendidas por uma comissária de família da cidade de Bogotá, vítimas de violência doméstica. A pesquisa foi qualitativa, baseada na análise do discurso, especificamente na análise de referência das histórias de vida das participantes. Os resultados mostram que as representações sociais sobre violência doméstica são consolidadas em dispositivos de controle e na falta de empoderamento presentes na dinâmica da violência nas relações íntimas, os quais nascem nos subgrupos de mulheres e ajudam a construir e reproduzir as representações.

Autoestima y empatía en adolescentes observadores, agresores y víctimas del bullying en un colegio del municipio de Chía / Self-esteem and empathy in adolescents observers, aggressors and victims of bullying at a school in the town of Chia

El presente estudio tuvo como propósito identificar la asociación existente entre la autoestima y la empatía en un grupo de adolescentes observadores, víctimas y agresores en situación del bullying en una institución educativa del municipio de Chía. La investigación es de corte empírico analítico con un diseño descriptivo y un método de asociación. Los instrumentos que se emplearon fueron la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg, la escala de empatía del cuestionario de Conducta Prosocial de Martonell, González y Calvo (1998, validada para la población colombiana por Rey, 2003) y el "cuestionario secundaria de 12 a 16 años de edad" de la UNICEF y La Defensoría del Pueblo en España. Se tomó una muestra intencional de 57 adolescentes. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron con base en el paquete estadístico SPSS, encontrándose que la relación que existe entre la empatía y autoestima en los observadores es inversamente proporcional, mientras que en las víctimas es directamente proporcional, por ser la población de victimarios muy poco significativa no se hizo asociación entre estas variables.

This study had purpose of identify the association between self-esteem and empathy within a group of observers, victims and aggressors adolescents under a bullying situation at an educational institution located in the town of Chía. The investigation is analytical empirical cutting a descriptive design with an association method. Instruments used were the Rosenberg's self-esteem scale, empathy scale from the Martonell, González and Calvo (1998, validated by Rey, 2003 for Colombian population), the Prosocial Conduct questionnaire and UNICEF and People's Defender in Spain "high school questionnaire for 12 to 16 years of age kids". An intentional sample consisting of 57 adolescents was taken. Results obtained were analyzed taking the SPSS statistical package as the basis to find that the existing relation between empathy and self-esteem in observers is inversely proportional, while for victims it is directly proportional, and since the aggressor population is not quite significant no correlation between such variables was made.